Marijuana vs. Alcohol in the United States

Marijuana vs. Alcohol In The United States Marijuana and alcohol are the two most threatening drugs used in America today. Marijuana is the most illicit drug while alcohol is the most abused. Both were illegal during the prohibition but when the constitution was ratified in 1933 alcohol was made legal while marijuana remained illegal. It does not mean that because alcohol is still legal it’s less dangerous than marijuana. Both drugs lead to serious risks and should be taken with caution if used.Marijuana is a mixture of dried, shredded leaves, stems and flowers from a hemp plant better know as Cannabis sativa. Uses of marijuana can be recreational or medical and the earliest recorded uses date from the 3rd millennium BC. (Rudgley,  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Lost Civilizations†) Tetrahydrocannabinol also known as THC is the chemical responsible for marijuana’s psychological effects. THC stimulates cells in the brain to release dopamine and causes euphoria like feeling. While th e most popular use is for recreational purposes, it is proven that it can help in the medical field also.Even medical marijuana is illegal in most states. Supporters of medical marijuana argue that it can be safe and effective against AIDS, cancer, multiple sclerosis, pain, glaucoma and other conditions. Nonetheless, abusing marijuana can lead to problem with learning, memory and social behavior. It can also interfere with family, work and other activities. But there are many in favor for cannabis like Bob Marley a famous musician and known for his use of marijuana describes in an interview â€Å"Herb is the healing of a nation, alcohol is the destruction†.Alcohol is a central nervous system depressant that is rapidly absorbed from the stomach and small intestine into the bloodstream. Alcohol affects every organ in the body. Individual reactions to alcohol vary and are influenced by many factors such as age, gender, physical condition, how quickly the alcohol was consumed, et c. Alcohol starts to affect the brain within five minutes of being consumed. Drinking alcohol leads to loss of coordination, poor judgment, memory lapses and even blackouts. Alcohol is a drug; so mixing it with any other drug can be extremely dangerous.Drinking excessively over a period of time can cause problems with relationships, money or the law. It can also cause severe health problems and even death. From 2001 to 2005 the U. S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) reports on average more than 79,000 deaths per year was caused by excessive alcohol use. (CDC, â€Å"Vital Signs†) Excessive drinking includes binge drinking, heavy drinking and any drinking by pregnant women or minors. On the other hand, the CDC does not have a category for deaths caused by the use of marijuana.Statistically, death directly from marijuana overdose is extremely rare. However, according to the FBI’s Uniform Crime Reporting data, there were a total of 1. 5 million drug arrests nationwide in 2011 and out of those arrests around 750,000 were for marijuana alone. (FBI, â€Å"Person’s Arrested†) While both alcohol and marijuana should not be taken with any other drug and getting behind the wheel while drunk or high poses significant risk to everyone. Alcohol is still vastly greater in number when it comes to death than marijuana but then again one is legal while the other one is not.The legalization of marijuana has been an argument for over 70 years. Even though voters helped to legalize the drug in Colorado and Washington, it’s still legal for the rest of the United States. There are many pros and cons for marijuana legalization. For example, it could increase the number of children using the drug if it was legal. Whereas if the drug were to be decriminalized there would be a large reduction of the prison population while saving government costs. Our economy could benefit through taxing marijuana.In 2010, CNBC reported that legalizatio n could make it a $100 billion industry in America depending on how the government would tax on the sale and the distribution of the plant. (Nelson, â€Å"How Big Is the Marijuana Market? â€Å") The possibilities are fascinating but what if alcohol was made illegal. If alcohol were criminalized then hundreds of thousands of people who worked in the business would be out of jobs. Bootlegging and organized crimes would be on the rise. It would surely change the drinking habits of our country and would greatly decrease the number of drinking problems today.Although marijuana is less harmful than other legal drugs, has various medical benefits and legalizing it would bring economic benefits. While alcohol causes numerous deaths a year but if outlawed could lead to more harm than good. Both are very different from each other and possess the potential for unique risks or benefits. In any case, they both should not be taken with any other drug and getting behind the wheel while drunk or high poses significant risk to everyone. Marijuana and alcohol will continue to be the most used and abused drugs in America. Nevertheless they should always be dealt with caution and never be taken for granted.

PWU FORMAT FOR THESIS PROPOSAL Essay

Hypothesis The following hypotheses are (or hypothesis is) formulated for acceptance or rejection: (use null hypothesis) Scope and Limitation of the Study Should include: 1. Focus/ areas/ scope to be assesses/ investigated/ determine/ analyze & where to conduct research 2. Participants( subject or respondents or population) of the study including sampling technique to be used, total number of population/ exclusion/ inclusion/ criteria used if purposive 3. Instrument/s to be used for data gathering (example: questionnaire, interview, observation, etc. One or combination of any chosen tool/s) 4. Statistical treatment of data to use 5. When to conduct the study Significance of the Study Findings and recommendations of this study could be beneficial to the following: School Administrators. Blah†¦.. School of Nursing. Blah†¦ Nursing Students. Blah†¦. Etc†¦ Future Researchers (should be the last) NOTE: Identify who will benefit from your study and how will they benefit from the results of the study Definitions of Terms The following terms are operationally defined within the scope of the study: (Key words can be identified from the title and variables that need to be defined in relation to your study. Remember operational, not conceptual definition.) Chapter 2 (on separate sheet) REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE AND STUDIES This chapter provides review of related literature and studies, both local and foreign which are related to the study. This chapter should be arranged by topic, integrating both local and foreign literatures and studies. Local Literature – includes primary or secondary related literatures from reference materials such as books, journals/ periodicals, websites, newspaper, speeches, encyclopedia, patient’s medical records, handouts, manuals, etc†¦ Local or Filipino authors Foreign Literature – includes primary or secondary related literatures from reference materials such as books, journals/ periodicals, websites, newspaper, speeches, encyclopedia, nursing literatures, etc with foreign authors, nursing theorists or other theorists from different fields of studies- medicine, psychology, sociology, education, etc that are relevant to your study Local Studies- includes research studies, undergraduate/ graduate theses or doctoral dissertations from Filipino students or researchers, thesis review, abstract of studies, published or unpublished Foreign Studies – as above but with foreign authors, published or unpublished, internet sources (Arranged by topic with sources – author/s and year of publication only ; proper citation ) Synthesis Includes the summary of related literatures and studies, pointing their similarities and differences from your present studies. 1 – 2 pages only. Theoretical Framework If research paradigm is I-P-O (Input- Process- Output), use the General Systems Theory (research on this). If you will use Independent Variables- Dependent Variables, use conceptual theory that will best support your research paradigm. (Figure 1. Research Paradigm (illustration of your research study) must be in one whole sheet, placed at the last page of chapter 2. Explanation of your paradigm or model must be under theoretical framework after the discussion of the framework you will use . Chapter 3 (separate sheet) METHODOLOGY Research Design This study will use the _________________________ research design to (state purpose of the study), (You may define or state the purpose of the study†¦ you may quote the definition from the book and cite your source/s). Participants of the Study Include here the subject/ population of the study†¦ you may copy this part from your scope and limitation. Instrumentation Construction. Include here the type of data gathering tool or method you will use, how are you going to construct your questionnaire, source/s to use or your reference for constructing your tool. Description of the tool†¦ Part I will include †¦..; Part II will consists of†¦. Validity. Mention here who will validate your questionnaire ( at least 3 experts), if you’re going to pretest or conduct pilot test prior to actual study. Data gathering Procedure Include here how you will conduct the study – letter of consent requesting permission to conduct study: Dean, Director of Hosp, Chief Nurse, participants; When to conduct study, manner on how to conduct study – distribution and retrieval of questionnaires. Statistical Treatment of Data What statistical instrument to use†¦ frequency distribution for profile, percentage, measures of central tendencies. What statistical treatment to use for test of hypothesis: t-test, Chi square, Pearson r correlation coefficient, ANOVA, etc†¦ BIBLIOGRAPHY (Separate sheet, center) A. BOOKS (center) Grodner, M., Roth, S. (2005). Foundations and Clinical application of Nutrition: A Nursing Approach. Singapore: Elsevier Pte Ltd., Health Services Asia B. JOURNALS/ PERIODICALS(center) Hughes, A. (2007). â€Å"Pragmatism Rules: The Interventions and Prevention Strategies Used by Psychiatric Nurses Working With Non-Suicidal Self-harming Individuals†. Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing. Vol. 9, No. 17, pp. 64- 71 C. ELECTRONIC SOURCES (complete website/ internet ad/title/ author and date of retrieval; center) D. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS (Undergrad or grad theses. Doctoral dissertations†¦center) Salang, F. (2009). Determinants of Stressors and Coping Mechanism: Their Relationships. Master’s Thesis, Asia-Pacific College of Advanced Studies, Balanga City E. OTHERS (Handouts, speeches, manuals, hosp/ school manual of policy and procedures, etc.) APPENDICES (separate sheet) Include Sample letters to the Dean, Director of Hosp., etc.., participants, questionnaire/ interview questions, etc. CURRICULUM VITAE (separate sheet) Brief resume with picture NOTE: 1. ALL ENTRIES SHOULD BE ARIAL, FONT SIZE 12, DOUBLE SPACE, JUSTIFY. FOLLOW THE STYLE IN THIS FORMAT. 2. PAGE SHOULD APPEAR ON THE RIGHT UPPER CORNER, NO PAGING ON SHEET WITH â€Å"CHAPTER 1, 2, 3† BUT INCLUDED IN COUNTING OF PAGES (EXAMPLE- Chapter 1 is page 1 but â€Å"1† should not appear in the paper, next page will be the page 2), PAGING SHOULD BE CONTINUOUS UP TO APPENDICES EXCEPT FOR CV. 3. Follow the correct format for Bibliography 4. Related Literature and Studies should be from 2006 up, or otherwise rephrase if your related lit is â€Å"old†. 5. MARGIN: 1.27 INCHES ON TOP, 1.5 LEFT; 1 INCH RIGHT & BOTTOM. 6. EVERY CHAPTER SHOULD START ON A NEW SHEET. 7. SINCE THIS IS A PROPOSAL, DO NOT USE PAST TENSE. 8. Do not use 1st person account such as I, you, me, our..Refer to yourself as the researcher. 9. Do not use block style; 1st sentence for each paragraph must be indented. 10. Appendix should include: 1. Sample Letter : a) Letter of Request to __________ (to request permission to conduct study) ;b) Letter to heads (nurse/ records section, etc..) if needed; c) Letter to Participants (for consent); d) Letter to Validators (if needed) 2. Sample questionnaire

The Devil and Tom Walker

â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† was an Early Romanticism written by Washington Irving. Irving was a reluctant lawyer who preferred writing and is now mostly known for â€Å"The Legend of Sleepy Hallow†. Irving was the first American to achieve international reputation. In 1815 Irving traveled through Europe, remaining there for 17 years. Although when â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† was first published in 1824 it was not well received and even caused Irving to stop writing fiction all together, today it is considered an illustrious Early Romantic.Irving retuned to America in 1832 to live with his brother. Irving died at the age of 76 and was buried near the haunting ground of his famous horseman-in New York’s Sleepy Hallow Cemetery. Elements of Romanticism pervade all of Irving’s writings. His love of scenes of nature, his sense of wonder, and his optimism all show through, even in his early work; these elements became progressively more pronounced as the freedom of expression which that era had fostered took root. Ultimately, Irving’s work has come to be viewed as emblematic of the Romantic era.Romanticism did not always end with a happy ending. In fact, the originals of the romanticism stories were about the evil of human nature. The work of early American writers like Irving show the influence of European Romanticism. ?Washington Irving would use an emphasis on nature, the supernatural, and superstitions in his stories. â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† pictures nature as mysterious. Tom walked through a swamp that was so thick that when it was noon it would still be very dark. At times, water logs would look like alligators floating in the water.The supernatural area also played an essential role in the story. The devil, being the supernatural being, seemed to have the ability to trade riches for a person's soul. Tom, having sold his soul, wanted to outsmart the devil by recruiting the help of another supernatu ral power, God, by carrying a bible. Greed is one of the most important themes of â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker† Tom is approached by Old Scratch and offered wealth beyond his wildest dreams. Initially, Tom is so greedy that he declines because he would have to share the fortune with his wife.Eventually, however, Tom is duped by the false kindness of Old Scratch and blinded by his own greed. As Irving writes, Tom â€Å"was not a man to stick at trifles when money was in view. † Once established as a moneylender in Boston, Tom is described ironically as a â€Å"universal friend of the needy,† even though â€Å"In proportion to the distress of the applicant was the hardness of his terms. † Though he becomes wealthy, Tom still remains stingy: he refuses to furnish his mansion or feed his horses properly.Still, he denies his greed. When accused by a customer of taking advantage of his misfortune, Tom answers â€Å"The devil take me if I have made a farthing ! † Of course, immediately Old Scratch appears at the door. Irving’s moral is clear: â€Å"Such was the end of Tom Walker and his ill-gotten wealth. Let all griping money-brokers lay this story to heart. † In conclusion, â€Å"The Devil and Tom Walker†, by Washington Irving portrays a man set in New England in the 1720’s who allowed greed and selfishness to control him.Tom Walker, protagonist of the story, pledged both himself and his morals to the devil for the sake of riches and wealth. A landslide of deceit swept the main character into the pit of emptiness, selfishness, and greed. Disappointment haunted Tom in the end. The end resulted in complete moral decadence as selfishness consumed him. These unattractive traits took time to develop before really injuring Tom. In this story Irving not only gives you an entertaining story but also gives you lesson on greediness.

Type Of Leader Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Type Of Leader - Essay Example An important part of the avenues opened up to an RM is the opportunities for leading others; be they team members, patients, or assistants. Even by the simplest definition of nursing, where the nurse is seen as not much more than a care-giver dependent on other professionals to chart out the actual treatment plan; the nurse has been in a leadership position when interacting with patients and supervising their recovery. With the new areas of professional development and personal growth that have opened up to a nurse, the scope for leadership responsibilities has also grown. The nurse may be required to take up a position of leadership among peers when there is a situation to be dealt with; or immediate action to be taken. The position of a leader is also implied in a one – to – one care giving relationship; where the nurse actively takes decisions and implements treatment plans for a patient under his / her care. A nurse would be required to take decisions and motivate p eople when responding to a crisis situation like victims of a natural or social tragedy.

Locating Topics of Interests Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Locating Topics of Interests - Research Paper Example This paper will seek to develop eight topics based on virtual project management where it will locate peer-reviewed journals and annotate at least four of them. 2. The Journal of the American Medical Association A review of authors revealed that, conflicts of interests in matters concerning safety of vaccine research seem to have a place for authors withholding CO1s declaration. This journal modified part of its policies to make sure less transparency of CO1s investigations. This appeared so since the ties between the author and the manufacturers of the vaccine are pervasive. A review carried out by authors of vaccine safety articles shone light on this issue and published it on top journals making the claims as well as the ties invasive. In conclusion, this topic puts across that the safety of people should come before instilling experimentations in order to avoid side effects. 3. The scientific journal fall In this topic, the writer gave priority all editorial findings regarding di sputes between a vaccine produced by a particular vaccines manufacturer and the author who published the article. In this sense, professionals such as psychologists took this opportunity to clear any negative issues that could affect their profession. In conclusion, the topic describes the ties between the vaccine manufacturer and the author of the article as pervasive. 4. Virtual project management: The rise of internet The development of the internet and the rise of collaborative software as described in this except instilled a fresh dimension into management of projects. The recent literatures explored in this topic depict evaluation of virtual project management as well as virtual teams have received great influence from different technologies. Furthermore, the extent of development of technologies affect members in dispersed cites with their projects (Dunford, Doyle, & Doyle, 2011). This topic concludes by deducing that, besides the objective that communication channels have br ought about opportunities for members participation, it is still agreeable that it is hard to manage virtual teams than an on-site team. 5. Identification of virtual teams Definitions available in this literature explain that, a virtual project management involves systems whereby virtual teams join forces for a finite length of time with a specific goal. As this topic concludes, it explains that there is truth in the statement made by many that, with technology everything becomes new even it is old. Recently, technology led to enhanced possibility of enabling geographically dispersed employees to work on a similar project. Corporate structure within virtual enterprises and virtual companies weave the same related thread of thoughts into their telecommunication departments (Taylor, 2011). 6. Virtual teams in an organizational system Those promoting the concept of virtual teams assert that these teams are very advantageous. Upon conclusion, this topic makes it clear that, even though there no disputes, most of the literature expounding on such a topic focuses on team networking, and project teams either implicitly or explicitly. 7. Interests of virtual team management As opposed to just mere curiosity, virtual teams have drivers of leading interests in which they attract the best workers

Organization theory and structure Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Organization theory and structure - Essay Example Some factors that influence organizational structure are size, the products, skills and talents found in the organization and most structures will mainly be based on these factors. Different theories have been placed forth about why different organizations have the structures they do. According to Abraham Maslow, organizational structures mainly depend on their needs. In his works he clearly places these needs in a hierarchy system where the satisfaction of one level of needs leads to the organization striving to fulfill the other levels of needs of the organization. These needs, in order of priority are; physiological needs such as food and shelter, safety needs such as safety in the environment, social needs like love and friendship, esteem needs like self respect and status and at the top of the hierarchy is self actualization which is actually reaching one's full potential. A good organizational structure should be one that aids in fulfilling these needs among employees in the organization in order to maximize output. Herzberg insists that intrinsic factors are related to job satisfaction while extrinsic factors lead to job dissatisfaction. The structure a nd job environment that is positive creates interactions leading to self-esteem that improves quality of work. He insists that factors such as recognition, responsibility, the work itself makes up for some of the motivators creating job satisfaction. The factors that lead to dissatisfaction are supervision, company policy, salary, relationship with peers and subordinates. It is therefore paramount that the organizational structure supports job satisfaction and reduces incidences of job dissatisfaction. An organization should set up a structure that makes employees feel satisfied with their jobs, so that a job is not a task. Frederick Winslow insists on scientific management. His theory puts forth the idea that management of an organization, which largely depends on the structure, can be scientific. This insinuates that it can be put down to an exact science, where the tried and tested ways after years of observation are sure and true to succeed. The four step process is-develop a sc ience for each element of the individuals work, heartily cooperate with workers so as to ensure all work is done and done properly with no grudges or ill feelings, divide work equally between management and workers instead of the old methods where workers would labor while the management did much lesser work and that management should take the work that it's better suited than the workers in order to have a balanced work environment. A good structure should incorporate some if not all of these in order to reach goals, make workers happy and the management satisfied with the output. All these management theories lead to different organizational structures depending on what works best for the organization. Though some theories put forward have been disputed or declared obsolete, this has not meant that some proposed points are not accommodated and incorporated in the making of organizational structures in today's business world. Some of these include matrix method, flat, centralized o r decentralized structure, tall [traditional] structure] and many more (Learning Management2.com 2008). Small to medium sized organizations mostly have the functional and tall structure. This is where there is a clear

Historical Beginnings And Expansion Of Christianity Throughout The Research Paper

Historical Beginnings And Expansion Of Christianity Throughout The Roman Empire - Research Paper Example The early church period encompassed not only the birth and death of Jesus but the historical beginnings and expansion of Christianity throughout the Roman Empire. This was a time when the Christian faith and the Kingdom of God were in question and disbelieved by many Jews. According to Shelley â€Å"The Jews, who represented only half the population, despised their foreign overlords and deeply resented the signs of pagan culture in the accent homeland. The Romans were not just another in a long series of alien conquerors. They were representatives of a hated way of life. Their imperial reign brought to Palestine the Hellenistic (Greek) culture that the Syrians had tried to impose forcibly on the Jews over a century before†. It was evident that change was forthcoming and was imperative in the reduction of resentment, anger, and hostility felt by many. It was during the first forty years of the early church period when Jesus and his apostles embarked on a journey to disseminate and distribute the word of God and the practice of Christianity. During this period of time, Jesus not only conveyed God’s unending love and eternal life to those who believed but most importantly he strived to achieve the trust and acceptance of the non-believers. He inspired and encouraged those, not only through his doctrine and sermons but most notably by his own faithfulness, commitment, and devotion. Ultimately his death and resurrection were the essential components supporting the Christianity movement, and the word of God.

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints Essay

The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints - Essay Example They believe in the complete Bible plus an open canon that includes the Book of Mormon, the Doctrine and Covenants, and the Pearl of Great Price. These are based largely on the dictates of Joseph Smith, Jr. and are followed in the LDS church as the irrefutable works of God (Mormon, 2009). The group then multiplied and grew. It grew enough to draw attention of the mainline churches as well as the general population. The Mormons effected thousands of conversions in the 1830s, following which the group under Smith Jr. intended building a â€Å"City of Zion† in Missouri. They could not build the city, however, owing to persecutions and charges brought against them. Joseph Smith Jr. and his brother, Hyrum Smith, were assassinated by a mob in the prison on 27 June, 1844 (Mormon, 2009). The teachings of the LDS church are based on the life of Christ but emphasis is laid on the rules and their interpretations by the central and local LDS churches. The tenets of the LDS church are based on the extra material found in the â€Å"open canon†. On the basis of these extra materials, the church relates future events that are again subject to the interpretations of their modern prophets. For instance, before his assassination, Joseph Smith Jr. appointed Brigham Young and the Quorum of Twelve Apostles to oversee the LDS churches affairs. He also gave them the keys of the priesthood. So, it naturally followed that Brigham Young and the Quorum of Twelve Apostles took over the reins of leadership of the church after the death of Joseph Smith, Jr. Others in the church split from the church and followed denominational leaders of their liking (Mormon, 2009). The LDS church claims the natives of ancient America are descendants of Semitic race of Asiatic origin and trace it down to Joseph Smith, Jr. Thus, with the ties of Joseph Smith, Jr. established to a Jewish race, the next step to proclaim his closeness to Jesus Christ and the â€Å"true

Civil Law Rights Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Civil Law Rights - Case Study Example if date is not mentioned then it is considered that in 7 working days consumer be liable to make payments for specific advertisement and finished the transaction by the date you have agreed with the person providing the service, or within a logical time if you haven't fixed a specific date This case entitle to 'Consumer Sale law' that center on the legal and self regulatory controls on the advertising of consumer goods and services - the law of consumer advertising that is the major provisions of the Trade Descriptions Act 1968. It also entitles to 'Control of Misleading Advertising Regulations 1988', Part III Consumer Protection Act 1987. Liability of sellers and manufacturers if the products sold are not satisfactory or are unsafe - the implied terms in the Sale of Goods Act 1979 (as amended) and related legislation, the manufacturers liability for defective products - Part I Consumer Protection Act 1987 and the general duty to supply safe products under both domestic and EC law with particular emphasis on the toy industry. Legal liability in respect of consumer services with particular emphasis on the travel industry. ... Legal liability in respect of consumer services with particular emphasis on the travel industry. The Consumer and the Internet - the course will examine the regulation of e-commerce in relation to business to consumer advertising and sale of goods and services on the Internet. http://www.law.cf.ac.uk/course/ug/modules.html According to these laws, all buyers are entitled to remedies under the legislation although consumers are entitled to a better range of remedies. Consumers are defined as people who are buying for rationales not linked to their trade, business or profession. A consumer's rights concerning the sale and supply of goods cannot be reduced in any means by a term in the agreement. Limitations might be probable in business- to-business contracts but any restriction is matter to the necessities of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. Throughout the United Kingdom, nevertheless, a trader and a customer can concur that these rights do not be valid to a particular transaction for the condition of a service or must only be appropriate to a limited extent. Any such exclusion or restraint will however be issue to the provision of the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977. Now we will discuss Rajeev's case. He requests a black leather jacket and accompanies his form with a cheque for 700 in payment of the price. As he received his jacket, he discovered from a label inside the jacket was made in Vietnam. Whereas, Pavarotti Fashions Ltd mail order catalogue in which it was mentioned that all Exclusive items of the highest quality using only natural fabrics hand-made in the European community. This is the pure case of consumer misleading

Genetically modified organism Essay Example for Free

Genetically modified organism Essay My environmental issue is genetically modified foods. I will explain why the foods should not be modified and the dangers of eating modified foods. Why this issue is important Evidence shows that food that has been genetically modified is a danger to the health of humans. The American Academy of Environmental Medicine says that the public should not eat genetically modified foods because several studies have shown that there are a variety of health problems such as organ damage, reproductive disruption, accelerated aging, immune dysfunction and insulin disorders associated with GM foods. The process of genetically modifying food is done by changing the original DNA by adding other organisms to it, also called GMO which stands for Genetically Modified Organisms. Consumers have been eating foods that contain genetically modified ingredients in them not knowing the risk factors. (Doctors Warn About Dangers of Genetically Modified Foods, by David Gutierrez) The FDA claims to have no knowledge that these foods were any different than naturally grown foods and labeled them as being Generally Recognized as Safe or (GRAS). The law says that a substance has to go through a certain amount of peer-reviewed published studies and has to have a certain amount of consensus among the scientific community that agrees that the product is safe. This allows them to be put on the market without any additional testing. Even though the GRAS labeled them to be safe, there are no proven facts that show that Genetically Modified foods are safe; the information that was given to the FDA was altered to expedite the approval of the products at the expense of the safety of the consumers. There has been no credible study done on genetically modified food safety. Evidence in Support of the Thesis In 1998 there was a lawsuit against the FDA for not listening to the warnings of their own scientists who were telling them that GM foods were not safe. The scientists warned that the GM foods could create unpredictable side effects that were hard to detect such as allergies, nutritional problems, toxins and new diseases and said that long-term studies needed to be done, but was ignored. (FDA ignored own scientists’ warnings about GM foods by Ken Roseboro) Even though it may be true that food crops are bio-engineered to produce their own pesticides and herbicides, these traits transfer to weeds and insect, which means that there effects are not long lasting. GM foods have not yet been proven to be safe. Rebuttal of the Evidence that Contradicts the Thesis Genetically modified foods have the potential to help benefit consumers by improving nutritional qualities in fruits and vegetables. Some of the crops are genetically engineered with herbicide resistant so that when the farmer uses herbicides to kill the weeds it doesn’t hurt the crop, which benefits not only agriculture but also the economics. Losing crops due to insects can be a tremendous loss to farmers. Biotechnology also generates crops with genes that are resistant to long periods of drought and frost. Since there is an increase in population, more land will be needed to grow crop on harsh landscapes. Farmers will need to grow crops in places that will be unsuitable for agriculture. With the world population increasing, it will be a challenge in the years to come to make sure that there is enough food for the growing population. Genetically modified foods will help to produce enough crops in these harsh times. It will help to feed malnutrition in third world countries. There is a widespread of undernourishment in the worlds where people are poor. They depend on one main crop which is rice. Rice by itself doesn’t have enough nutrients that a person need. But rice can be genetically modified to contain extra vitamin and minerals. Biotechnology has allowed people to be able to receive crucial vaccines and medicines which are hard to distribute. With vaccines and medicines being so expensive and the need to be stored a special way, they have come up with a way to put vaccines in food products so that they are easier to administer to people and easily transported. (The Benefits of Genetically Modified Food Crops) Rebuttal of the above claims Although malnutrition is a big problem in the world, according to the United Nations World Food Program, there is enough food being produced to feed the world without GM foods. The reasons that people go hungry are, they don’t have enough money to buy it or don’t have access to growing their own. The UN’s world food body is not in favor of using GM foods because of the effects on health and the environment. The Food and Agriculture Organization says â€Å"although GM crops could help with hunger in the world there are still questions about their implications for animal and human health and the balance of the ecosystems. † (Say No to GMOS) Conclusion Genetically modified foods have some pros and cons as I have showed you, but I am still a believer of the traditional way of growing foods. Since the foods will be labeled, that will give people the choice of rather to eat GM foods or naturally grown foods. that also have pro and cons to them. Reference http://www. naturalnews. com/028245_GM_food_side_effects. html http://www. non-moreport. com/articles/october2011/FDAignoredscientistswarningsGMfoods. php http://www. betterhealth. vic. gov. au/bhcv2/bhcarticles. nsf/pages/Genetically_modified_foods http://www. saynotogmos. org/ http://suite101. com/article/the-benefits-of-genetically-modified-food-crops-a218670.

Sucker Rod Pumping System Engineering Essay

Sucker Rod Pumping System Engineering Essay Artificial lift allows wells to be produced that are non-flowing. Generally this is achieved by a mechanical device inside the well, such as pump; decreasing the weight of the liquid/gas mixture via high pressure gas; or improving the lift efficiency of the well. In the production string (tubing) that is usually set without a production packer, a pump placed below the dynamic fluid levelling the well lifts the crude up to the surface. This energy input allows the fluid to continue on its way and relieves the pay zone of all or part of the back pressure downstream from the pump. Sucker Rod Pumping is the most common method of artificial lift (85%), with gas lift second (10%), and then electrical submersible and hydraulic pumping about equal (2%) in usage. Sucker rod pump uses a vertical positive-displacement pump consisting of a cylinder and a hollow plunger with a valve i.e. it works by creating a reciprocating motion in a sucker rod string that connects to the downhole pump assembly. It is run into the tubing screwed onto the end of a rod string. The system is actuated from the surface by a motor that drive a walking beam or a hydraulic elevator. Introduction Sucker Rod Pumps, also called Donkey pumps or beam pumps, are the most common artificial-lift system used in land-based operations. Motor drives a reciprocating beam, connected to a polished rod passing into the tubing via a stuffing box. The sucker rod continues down to the oil level and is connected to a plunger with a valve. On each upward stroke, the plunger lifts a volume of oil up and through the wellhead discharge. On the downward stroke it sinks (it should sink, not be pushed) with oil flowing though the valve. The motor speed and torque is controlled for efficiency and minimal wear with a Pump off Controller (PoC). Use is limited to shallow reservoirs down to a few hundred meters, and flows up to about 40 litres (10 gal) per stroke . Technical Details: Artificial lift allows wells to be produced that are non-flowing. Generally this is achieved by a mechanical device inside the well, such as pump; decreasing the weight of the liquid/gas mixture via high pressure gas; or improving the lift efficiency of the well. Artificial lift consists of two main processes: Mechanical lifting by pumps. Lessening the fluid density by mixing with gas injected in the part of the production string ,or gas lift In the production string (tubing) that is usually set without a production packer, a pump placed below the dynamic fluid levelling the well lifts the crude up to the surface. This energy input allows the fluid to continue on its way and relieves the pay zone of all or part of the back pressure downstream from the pump. The two most common pumping methods in the world are: Sucker rod pumping Centrifugal pumping Sucker Rod Pumping: It is the most common method of artificial lift (85%); with gas lift second (10%), and then electrical submersible and hydraulic pumping about equal (2%) in usage. Sucker rod pump uses a vertical positive-displacement pump consisting of a cylinder and a hollow plunger with a valve i.e. it works by creating a reciprocating motion in a sucker rod string that connects to the downhole pump assembly. .It is run into the tubing screwed onto the end of a rod string. The system is actuated from the surface by a motor that drive a walking beam or a hydraulic elevator. Components Every part of the pump is important for its correct operation. The most commonly used parts are described below: Barrel: The barrel is a large cylinder which can be from 10 to 36 feet long and a diameter from 1.25 to 3.75  inches (95  mm). After using several materials for its construction, the API (American Petroleum Institute) standardized the use of 2 materials or compositions for this part which are carbon steel and brass, both with an inside coating of chrome. The advantage of brass against carbon steel, weather is a more soft material, is its 100% resistance to corrosion. Piston: This is a nickel-metal sprayed steel cylinder that goes inside the barrel. Its main purpose is to create a sucking effect that lift the fluids beneath it and then, with the help of the valves, take those fluids above it and, progressively, out of the well. It achieves this with a reciprocal up and own movement. Valves: The valve has two components the seat and the ball which create a complete seal when closed. After trying several materials, the most commonly used seats are made of carbon nitride and the ball is often made of silicon nitride. In the past, balls of iron, ceramic and titanium were used. This last type of balls, made of titanium, is still being used but only where crude oil is extremely dense and/or the quantity of fluids is too much. The most common configuration of a rod pump requires two valves, called the travelling valve and fixed or static valve. Piston Rod: Its a rod that connects the piston with the outside of the pump. Its main purpose is to transfer the engine produced by the Nodding Donkey above in an up/down reciprocal movement. Fitting: The rest of the parts of the pump is called fitting and is, basically, small pieces designed to keep everything hold together in the right place. Most of these parts are designed to let the fluids pass uninterrupted. Filter: The job of the filter, as guessed, is to stop big parts of rock, rubber or any other garbage that might be loose in the well from going into the pump. There are several types of filters, being a common iron cylinder with enough holes in it to permit the entrance of the amount of fluid the pump needs the most commonly used. Explanation Of How It Works/ Is Used: Figure A: Components of Sucker Rod Pump ` A motor and gearbox supply power to turn the power shaft. There is a counterweight at the end of the crank. A pitman arm is attached to the crank and it moves upward when the crank moves counterclockwise. The Samson arms support the walking beam. The walking beam pivots and lowers or raises the plunger. The   rod attaches the plunger to the horsehead. The horsehead (not rigidly attached) allows the joint (where rod is attached) to move in a vertical path instead of following an arc. Every time the plunger rises, oil is pumped out through a spout. The pump consits of a four bar linkage is comprised of the crank, the pitman arm, the walking beam, and the ground. Figure B: Operational Detail of Sucker Rod Pump Here the plunger is shown at its lowest position. The pitman arm and the crank are in-line. The maximum pumping angle, denoted as theta in the calculations, is shown. L is the stroke length. After one stroke, the plunger moves upward by one stroke length and the walking beam pivots. The crank also rotates counter clockwise. At the end of the upstroke the pitman arm, the crank, and the walking beam are in-line. For name and location of parts, see Figure A: A motor supplies power to a gear box. A gearbox reduces the angular velocity and increases the torque relative to this input. As shown in Figure B, (the crank turns counter clockwise) and lifts the counterweight. Since the crank is connected to the walking beam via the pitman arm, the beam pivots and submerges the plunger. Figure B also shows the horsehead at its lowest position. This marks the end of the down stroke. Note that the crank and the pitman arm are in-line at this position. The upstroke raises the horsehead and the plunger, along with the fluid being pumped. The upstroke begins at the point shown in Figure B. At the end of the upstroke, all joints are in-line. This geometric constraint determines the length of the pitman arm. Figures C (a) and C (b) show the plunger and ball valves in more detail. These valves are opened by fluid flow alone. During the plungers upstroke the plunger valve or riding valve is closed. The column of liquid corresponding to the stroke will be lifted up to the surface while, relieved of the weight of the fluid, the pressure of the pay zone can then open the bottom valve or standing valve, thereby allowing the pump barrel to fill up with effluent. During the down stroke the valve of the hollow plunger opens and the standing valve closes, thereby preventing the fluid from returning into the pay zone and allowing the plunger to return freely to its initial point at the base of pump barrel. The pump is single acting and its theoretical output is equal to the volume generated by the plungers stroke and cross-section multiplied by the pumping rate, i.e. in a homogenous system: Q=S*N*A Where, Q=Flow rate. S=Stroke. N=Number of strokes per time unit. A=Area of the plunger. In practice following parameters are also involved: An efficiency factor A coefficient depending on the units that are use Figure C(a) TABLE OF VARIABLES THAT AFFECT SUCKER ROD STRING AND PUMPING UNIT LOADING Polished rod load Pumping speed Pump setting or depth Physical characteristics of the rod string Dynamic characteristics of the rod string Plunger diameter of the pump Specific gravity Pump intake pressure Polished rod acceleration pattern Mechanical friction Fluid friction Pump submergence Compressibility or gas interference Pumping unit inertia Pumping unit geometry Counterbalance Torque characteristics of prime mover Flow line pressure Innovativeness and Usefulness: Any liquid-producing reservoir will have a reservoir pressure: some level of energy or potential that will force fluid (liquid and/or gas) to areas of lower energy or potential. You can think of this much like the water pressure in your municipal water system. As soon as the pressure inside a production well is decreased below the reservoir pressure, the reservoir will act to fill the well back up, just like opening a valve on your water system. Depending on the depth of the reservoir (deeper results in higher pressure requirement) and density of the fluid (heavier mixture results in higher requirement), the reservoir may or may not have enough potential to push the fluid to the surface. Most oil production reservoirs have sufficient potential to produce oil and gas which are light naturally in the early phases of production. Eventually, as water which is heavier than oil and much heavier than gas encroaches into production and reservoir pressure decreases as the reservoir depletes, all wells will stop flowing naturally. At some point, most well operators will implement an artificial lift plan to continue and/or to increase production. In relative to US data sucker rod pumping is the most common method (85%); with gas lift second (10%), and then the electrical submersible and the hydraulic pumping about equal (2%) in usage. Plunger lift and several variations of all these processes are in limited use. The prominence of sucker rod pumping is due, in part, to the large number of shallow, low productivity wells in the Midwestern and western United States. Mainly sucker rod pumps are used for onshore areas. Sucker rod pumps are used primarily to draw oil from underground reservoirs. The mechanisms it employs however are found in a wide variety of machines. The four bar linkage can be found on door dampers, on automobile engines, and on devices such as the lazy tong. The Sterling engines also use a linkage similar to the one used by the pump. Current Status of Development: Every project requires an in depth study of the topic. Being in the starting phase of our project, currently we are going through as many books, journals and online material as we can. Collecting as much data as we can, we plan to go through an extensive study of sucker-rod pumps and artificial gas drive techniques, principles etc. Having a comprehensive knowledge of sucker-rod pumps is our first objective, after which we will think of ways in which we can apply practically. Current sources being referred:

Wuthering Heights Essay -- Literary Analysis, Emily Bronte

Born in 1818, Emily Bronte, known as the Laureate of the Moors, feared that people would not read her novel because of her gender. When Bronte turned twenty-seven, she published Wuthering Heights. At approximately the same time, her two sisters, Charlotte and Anne, published their literary works. Looking at Emily Bronte’s Victorian novel, Wuthering Heights, this literary work seems to be yet another book about a grumpy man who tries to take revenge on everyone who hurts him throughout his life. Looking deeper into this novel, readers see that the story revolves around several complex characters who must endure indescribable pain and suffering in their quest for love. The Earnshaw family decides to make Heathcliff who is the primary character in Wuthering Heights, a family member, Mr. Eanshaw’s son, Hindley, starts to beat, to hurt, and to mistreat Heathcliff. However, as Heathcliff begins to spend time with Hindley’s sister, Catherine, their relationship grows, H eathcliff and Catherine develop feelings for each other, and in turn, fall in love. When Catherine decides to marry Edgar Linton, this new turn-of-events devastates Heathcliff. Even though Edgar is a member of a higher social class than Heathcliff, Catherine secretly remains in love with her beloved Heathcliff. To illustrate her love for Edgar and her true passion for Heathcliff, she states, â€Å"I’ve no more business to marry Edgar Linton than I have to be in heaven; and if the wicked man in there had not brought Heathcliff so low, I shouldn’t have thought of it. It would degrade me to marry Heathcliff now; so he shall never know how I love him: and that, not because he’s handsome, Nelly, but because he’s more myself than I am† (63). The manner in which Catherine, Edgar, and... ...k to him. Cathy does not like him. Once Heathcliff dies she is free to marry whoever she want s and live her own life. She no longer has to be trapped anymore. Bell states that, â€Å"Young Catherine and Hareton, who are led to beleive, eventually come to love with patience and understanding, but only after Heathcliff’s influence is removed†(Bell). No one is trapped anymore. Heathcliff experiences much pain and suffering in his search for true love. Heathcliff endures derision and personal injury from Hindley, insults from Edgar, and profound rejection from his dear Catherine. All of these events contribute to the subsequent anguish that many of the second-generation characters, Cathy, Hareton, and Linton, share throughout the latter part of the novel. After Heathcliff’s demise, Cathy and Hareton are now free from the terror and the tragedy that haunt the moors.

Bnl - When I Fall Poetry :: essays research papers

â€Å"When I fall† is a lyrical song written by Steven Page and Ed Robertson of the Barenaked Ladies. It is about a window washer who is at a critical moment in his life. The song is structured in such a way that a progression and transformation is seen in the window washers troubles from worrisome to life threatening. The window washer is the persona of the poem, and in the first stanza he expresses a fear. He is somewhere he doesn’t want to be and is scared. This is followed by the chorus of the song in which it is made clear that he wants to make a change in his life, but is afraid of failure. At this point the window washers troubles take on the form of deep mental anguish where he resorts to prayer and laments on the physically and mentally troubling aspects of his world. In the next stanza, the window washer comments on the prestige of the boardroom he looks into as he washes the windows. Here he addresses the change he wants to make in his life and states that he would like to swap places with the business men in the room. However, he realizes that this is impossible because they would never agree to lower themselves to the stature of a window washer. When he realizes this, his thoughts become radical and he contemplates suicide. By the end of the song however, he pulls himself together and realizes that what he does and who is does have some value in the world. All of this is brought to the reader by an abundant use of figurative language throughout the song. For Instance, the scaffold the man is standing on symbolizes his position in life (he is scared and wants to escape. In the third stanza, after describing the problems with his world and how he prays, he curses the windstorms. This is actually a metaphor for his mental confusion and despair. In the next stanza, the prestige of the boardroom is made evident by the allusion of it towards a pharoahs tomb. We know in the end that he has pulled it all together when he calls his â€Å"crystal clear canvas† (the windows) a â€Å"masterpiece† . He has given value to his work and thus, value to his life. The sonf has a definite rhyme scheme which lends itself well to the theme of the poem.

We are the Plague, We are the Cure :: Exploratory Essays Research Papers

We are the Plague, We are the Cure Why is it that the fate of our nation seems to be in a downward spiral of despair? It seems as if everywhere you turn, you are greeted with grim visages of violence and misery. What is this plague which afflicts our society and has taken away the innocence and happiness of past generations? Our society is condemned to its current state due to its individualistic desires. If man is the downfall of himself, then is he also the plague of his society? You might believe that only recently with the advent of the Internet are we pushing ourselves too far, but this is far from the truth. This problem has hung as a spectre over society since its origin. In Genesis 3, we are first introduced to this plague on society. As Adam and Eve wandered the Garden of Eden, they were tricked by the serpent into eating from the Tree of Knowledge. After condemning all three for their disobedience God commented that, "the man has now become like one of us, knowing good and evil." (Genesis 3:22) This plague continues to today. If you think about it, we are all becoming increasingly dependent on technology. In a recent work by Bill Joy, this thought really hit home. To think that soon, "People won't be able to just turn the machines off, because they will be so dependent on them that turning them off would amount to suicide." This is what our dependence will cause, and this dependence is cause by our desire to push ourselves harder than is necessary. (Joy 2) As you can see this problem began when society did, and will not end until society does also. Technology and history are not the only fields in which society's plague are present, however. Recently, it seems as if every time you open the newspaper you are greeted with a declaration of 'breaking' news on the Presidential election. For hundreds of years, this process seemed so simple. Of course, there were times when society's little evil would spring up and try to do damage.

Broken Windows, Damaged Gutters, and Police Supervision

For ten years Officer Mike Strzykalski worked with the Merrysville police department utilizing the principle of â€Å"no-nonsense† policing where the productivity of the police officers was governed by meeting quotas with regard to tickets and arrests. For many years this was how the police in Merrysville worked, with a barrier between the police officers and the citizens of the town. This was the way in which the police officers grew accustomed to working, how they evaluated themselves, and how they were evaluated by superiors for promotions.This all ended when Chief Harold Furman came into office. Chief Furman believed in a more progressive form of policing where interaction with the community is encouraged in order to solve problems, make the community a better place, and stop crime. Chief Furman set up mini precincts all over the city in order to make the police force more prominent in their areas, and also introduced a new form of evaluation where the officers were not gr aded on their tickets and arrests but on their community interaction. Quotas became a thing of the past.With the demise of the well known, comfortable evaluation system, the police officers rebelled as they no longer understood the system by which they were to operate. Officer Strzykalski fought these changes until he began to notice damage to houses in the neighborhood which he patrolled. Officer Strzykalski found out that the damage he viewed was the result of gang violence, so he arranged to speak with all of the affected residents privately and in a group setting, assisted in the security and repair of community homes, and related information to the officers investigating gangs that would help to eliminate gang violence.This experience gave Officer Strzykalski a new, reformed opinion on the progressive changes that Chief Furman was making in the department, leading to several commendations for many officers and a promotion for Strzykalski. Obstacles to Reform: When seeking to ma ke a drastic change in the philosophy of many different people concerning not only the way in which they do their job but how they see and approach it creates a type of chaos with those individuals.People as a group are less able to recognize the positive influence of change and as such are more likely to vehemently protest initiating any change. When change is forced on them, they rebel in an attempt to return things to the way in which they are comfortable for the majority of the people involved. Changing from traditional policing to community based policing requires a large amount of change on behalf of the officers because it takes them out of their comfort zone and places them in a position where they are more in control of their job and of how it is done.This control is based on their interactions with the community members as well as open communication with their superiors. There also has to be consideration given to the police officers’ union with regard to what chang es in labor practices the police Chief can make without infringing on the rights of the officers in his command. The main difference in supervision is that the officers are put more in a position of responsibility.Senior officers are used for oversight and administration while lower ranking officers are the ones who are expected to investigate crimes, seek out problems in the community and find effective ways to solve them, as well as to represent community members to the higher ranking officers where previously the officers were simply required to take orders with regards to what crimes to investigate and give out a certain number of tickets a month. The daily supervision of the community falls to the police officers while the supervision of the police officers falls into a more structured hierarchy.Supervision in Community Policing: The benefit to patrol officers in accepting the philosophy of community policing is that the officers are more in control of not only their beats but also their careers. Rather than being completely limited in their career evaluation by numbers concerning tickets and arrests, they are judged based on actual performance in the community, by the efforts that they are making to make their community a better, safer place. These patrol officers are able to voice their concerns and opinions to their supervising officers.They are also better in control of the information that is filtered up through the police hierarchy as well as how crimes and community issues are handled. Though the model is very different from traditional police work, many patrol officers would embrace this kind of change, even if they at first balk at it. The community policing philosophy allows them to better control their careers as well as their involvement in the community. By placing them more in a position of power, the benefits of community policing become more attractive to patrol officers.Frontline supervisors and sergeants should find the concept attractiv e as well because there is more supervisory demands placed on them with regard to other officers, but there is also a more formal structure that is in place which keeps them from being placed under overwhelming pressure. Also many of the supervisory officers’ lesser duties and community duties are placed in the hands of patrol officers which gives the supervisory officers more time to concentrate on other necessary duties.One of the main issues in this system that would face supervisory officers is keeping their patrol officers in line as well as validating the information that comes from those officers to ensure that nothing is being skewed in the best interests of the police rather than in the best interests of the community. Officer Strzykalski: Officer Strzykalski was extremely pessimistic about the change to community policing when it was first introduced to the Merrysville police department.He fought against the changes, however once he was won over by the philosophy St rzykalski became very idealistic about the changes that he and his officers could implement in the community. Strzykalski’s idealism came from the very realistic goals that were being met in the community on his beat as well as the commendations that he and the other officers were receiving for their good work in the community. Since the idealism came from a realistic place based on his experiences, I would not say that Strzykalski was too idealistic, especially taking into consideration his initial rebuking of the change to community policing.I believe that a lot of the fears of patrol officers could be addressed by simply explaining in detail to the officers what the changes are, what they will involved and what the consequences of those changes will be. By having a good understanding of what they are facing, it takes away some of the mystery that shrouds the outcome of the changes. Another way to address the fears of the patrol officers would be to not only state their sup port of the officers throughout the change but to also physically be there to assist the officers as they work through the new responsibilities of their jobs.While it would be impossible for a supervisor to be there on the job with the officers all the time, they can offer one on one coaching to assist the officers in making the transition. Conclusion: Though the patrol officers, particularly the ones that had been a part of the old regime of policing, fought stringently against the changes implemented by the new chief of police, they eventually came to not only accept their new roles as police officers but also to find pride in their work on a different level.Rather than simply being the tools of supervising officers, they became a force of good in their communities, actively seeking out ways in which they could improve life for the citizens rather than just being there to help out after something bad had already happened. This philosophy of police work allowed the officers to be m ore proactive rather than simply reactive when solving crimes.

Individualism versus Collectivism Essay

The concepts of individualism and collectivism apply to the description of societies and individuals within the society. Cultures vary in their levels of individualism/ collectivism while individuals within these specific cultures vary on the same dimension. Idiocentric and allocentric are constructs that are very important in differentiating consistent variations of an individual’s attitudes, beliefs, self-definition, normative behavior and self-definition. Individualism is termed as the person’s level of idiocentric while collectivism is the person’s level of allocentric (Udehn, 2001). Idiocentric individuals emphasize more on their own goals and needs over those of the group to which they belong. They are much independent and self-reliant. On the other hand, allocentric individuals tend to be more cooperative, interdependent and they also have a stronger desire to partner with others. In addition allocentric and idiocentric individuals differ in their source of intimacy and companionship to satisfy their several needs and to strengthen their self-esteem. For instance, idiocentric obtains their social support from peers and best friends while allocentrics obtain their social support from their parents. Individuals with allocentric tendencies have fewer daily but more in-depth discussions than individuals with idiocentric tendencies. People who express more allocentric or idiocentric tendencies vary in various ways. For instance, the people who tend to be more allocentric have good reliability and inter-correlation thus showing convergent validity. They are characterized with three main aspects which include individual to group goals, in-group as extension of the self and in-group identity. Individuals who are more idiocentric mainly use equity and need in distributing rewards. Individuals who are more allocentric mainly emphasize on the values of cooperation, fairness and honesty while individuals who are more idiocentric put much emphasis on values of comfortable life, competition, pleasure and social recognition. Persons who are allocentric receive much and better quality social support while those who are more idiocentric are usually higher in achievement motivation, alienation and greater loneliness. The difference between collective and individualist cultures is mainly based on self. In collectivist cultures, the self is more linked to in-group memberships while in individualist cultures; self-concept is obtained from independently groups which are based on the varying characteristics and contributions of the individual. In collectivists’ cultures, there is high adherence to the goals of the in-group and to in-group values and also the maintaining of in-group harmony (Lee & Kelly 1996). In individualistic societies, the aims and the goals of a particular individual are more important and less significance is attached to in-group harmony. Nevertheless, individualism is mainly based on Western cultures while collectivism is related with Eastern cultures. Collectivistic cultures have lower rates of suicide, psychopathology and relatively higher marital satisfaction than individualistic cultures. I consider myself to be idiocentric. This is because I always concentrate on my own goals and achievement over those of the other people and I carry out my tasks independently. I normally display a different tendency towards the allocentric. For instance, in making purchase of luxury brands, I purchase goods for my own sake pleasures ad interests while the allocentric purchase the luxury brands only with an aim of seeking social recognition (McCarthy, 2005). As a result of these differences, conflict and misunderstanding emerges. This is because as a personally motivated consumer, I will purchase the luxury brands for self-interests while on the other hand an allocentric individual who is socially motivated will make the purchase of luxury brands with an aim of seeking social recognition.

Three Generation By Nick Quackin

CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS:Anastacia- the old lady who told the heantation to Agueda Agueda- the young lady who bravely to see his husband to be on the midnight of May Day eve. Badoy- the man who fell in love with Agueda and eventually became his wife.PLOT:The story is about a girl who happened to believe that he could see his husband to be on a May Day eve. It was an old wives take but it ought to be true when he married the man he saw on the mirror. In one part, Joaquin intends to present the circumstances of Agueda describing her encounter with the devil in the mirror to her young daughter. The child is keen in fact sees a similarity of his father to the description of the devil by her mother. The ambiguity of Agueda weeping towards the end renders innumerable possibilities. In yet another part Joaquin is more determined to show the circumstances of Don Badoy Montiya’s recollection of seeing a witch in the mirror. Teary eyed, he recalls to his grandson that he saw sta nding before the mirror the witch.Some have been guilty of looking at the story as a simple tale for little children, but Joaquin aims at something grander and loftier. His attention to present a man and a woman holding on to love until the death of them is worthy of note. His intention to exhibit the hazy romance of the old world, the quiet consummation of their love, itself an elevated thought, is a result of his great imaginative power. THEME:It was a love story that came in seemingly impossible superstitions.POINT OF VIEW:The author is the one who narrated the storySUMMARY:May Day eve of 1847 when Agueda tried to take a peek of the one she would  fated Mary. She walked down the living room and made the incantation when the young Badoy Montiya appeared before her. Agueda was really annoyed with Badoy and later on she had been offended and bit the knuckles of the young Badoy Montiya. Badoy wan to have revenge when he found himself falling in love with Agueda. Years have passed a nd they were already married and had a family. Agueda told her daughter what happened to that May Day Eve of 1847.Badoy reminisce on how he fell in love with Agueda on that evening, telling the story to his grandson. And the memories of him and her late wife keep coming back.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TITLE:According to the story, one could see his or her husband or wife to be when they peer in a mirror at the midnight of May Day eve. The superstion was said to be done at May Day eve and the story emphasizes the title May day eve. Three Generation by Nick Quackin SETTINGS:Philippines,1847 Philippines,1890CHARACTERS AND CHARACTERIZATIONS:Anastacia- the old lady who told the heantation to Agueda Agueda- the young lady who bravely to see his husband to be on the midnight of May Day eve. Badoy- the man who fell in love with Agueda and eventually became his wife.PLOT:The story is about a girl who happened to believe that he could see his husband to be on a May Day eve. It was an old wives take but it ought to be true when he married the man he saw on the mirror. In one part, Joaquin intends to present the circumstances of Agueda describing her encounter with the devil in the mirror to her young daughter. The child is keen in fact sees a similarity of his father to the description of the devil by her mother. The ambiguity of Agueda weeping towards the end renders innumerable possibilities.In yet another part Joaquin is more determined to show the circumstances of Don Badoy Montiya’s recollection of seeing a witch in the mirror. Teary eyed, h e recalls to his grandson that he saw standing before the mirror the witch. Some have been guilty of looking at the story as a simple tale for little children, but Joaquin aims at something grander and loftier. His attention to present a man and a woman holding on to love until the death of them is worthy of note. His intention to exhibit the hazy romance of the old world, the quiet consummation of their love, itself an elevated thought, is a result of his great imaginative power.THEME:It was a love story that came in seemingly impossible superstitions. POINT OF VIEW: The author is the one who narrated the story SUMMARY:May Day eve of 1847 when Agueda tried to take a peek of the one she would  fated Mary. She walked down the living room and made the incantation when the young Badoy Montiya appeared before her. Agueda was really annoyed with Badoy and later on she had been offended and bit the knuckles of the young Badoy Montiya.Badoy wan to have revenge when he found himself falli ng in love with Agueda. Years have passed and they were already married and had a family. Agueda told her daughter what happened to that May Day Eve of 1847.Badoy reminisce on how he fell in love with Agueda on that evening, telling the story to his grandson. And the memories of him and her late wife keep coming back.SIGNIFICANCE OF THE TITLE:According to the story, one could see his or her husband or wife to be when they peer in a mirror at the midnight of May Day eve. The superstion was said to be done at May Day eve and the story emphasizes the title May day eve.

Which Edward Thomas Presents Feelings About Death in ‘Rain’

â€Å"Remembering again that I shall die† Discuss ways in which Thomas presents feelings about death in ‘Rain’ The oblivion of nothing is accepted by Edward Thomas as he contemplates over the nature of both life and death. Aside, Thomas’ usual theme of preserving England’s nature a theme of isolation, darkness and melancholy takes over in ‘Rain’ and was, understandably, common within poets around the First World War. In particular Thomas’ collection is reflective of the work by Thomas Hardy and Wilfred Owen.Introspection of Thomas’ own death is portrayed in ‘Rain’ and ‘The Glory’. Thomas is particularly affected by the contemplation of the effects of war due to the brutality and inhumanity. Words such as ‘broken’, ‘pain’, ‘solitary’ are used through the poem, ‘Rain’, and the repetition of these melancholic words exemplify his introspection of deat h, particularly his own, which further evokes sympathy as we identify his mental suffering due to the work of war.Similarly in ‘Aspens’ the absence of humanity due to the war is exposed through the portrayal of emptiness from the use of the simile ‘empty as sky’, which emphasises the emptiness as so vast it is overpowering. This suggests Thomas contemplates his significance as an individual in the war. Emptiness is also a theme in the poem ‘As the Team’s Head Brass’ where a conversational tone conveys the effects the war has had on a farm. Thomas seems to accept the oblivion of nothing and the idea of love and death becomes a psychological theory.Thanatos is the motivation or desire to escape and therefore this completion of oblivion seems to conclude the poem. Further the ‘tempest’ brought Thomas a vision of nature of both life and death as it ‘tells me [him]’ and gives him a glimpse of death, which is at once a ‘bleak’ sense of consolidation. The epiphany that Thomas experiences gives this sense of awareness of mortality and the value of life. The oblivion of death is contrasted with the gift of life as Thomas describes himself as ‘helpless among the living and the dead’, which shows his introspection of his personal significance in the world.Although similar poets the World War 1 era looked at the effects of war all poets revealed different perspectives. In ‘The Solider’ by Rupert Brooke the poet looks at his own significance of his life after death by asking the reader to think of ‘forever England’, unchanged and undamaged, ‘if I [he] should die’ rather than contemplating the negative side of death unlike Thomas does so in ‘Rain’. A further contrast to make would be with Wilfred Owen’s ‘Dulce et Decorum Est’ as it reveals the horror of war and the deaths of soldiers, rather than looking at his own suffering and death.Another comparison to make is with the poem ‘A Man I Killed’ by Thomas Hardy who identifies not what war does to the villages back home but what war does to the soldier. His introspection of his actions suggest his guilt and shame of killing a man who, if ‘met where any bar is’, would be a simple friend. This is complimented by the suggestion of the analogy between ‘broken reeds’ and broken men as a result of the war within the poem ‘Rain’. Thomas further expresses his identification of death through the structure of the poem.Particularly his experimentation of spondee and iambic pentameter is used to show the continuity of the rainfall and perhaps reflects the sense of infinite damage due to the war and vulnerability for soldiers in the war, including the exposure of Thomas’ life. Further, the use of blank verse conveys Thomas’ thought process as unremitting and overwhelming thus suggesti ng that Thomas is incessantly contemplating the oblivion of death and the value of life. Specifically, the use of enjambment present in the first 6 lines conveys the flow of Thomas’ thought process and his contemplation of the value of life and the reality of his mortality.In comparison, the 18 line unbroken stanza that forms ‘Tears’ by Thomas is appropriate in connection to the content of the poem where a sense of continuity allows the reader to identify the suitability of free verse as it reflects Thomas’ thought process. In further contrast, the familiarity of iambic pentameter and the repetition in the stresses of the line mimics the rhythm of the conversation as it lacks dynamism, which therefore conveys the emptiness of the field. Thomas contemplates death as inevitable within ‘Rain’ and introspects how it affects him as an individual and as a soldier.The simile ‘like a cold water among broken reeds’ suggests Thomas pictures those in trenches, possibly including himself, as being ‘like a cold water’. In other words, ruined by guns and changed through the sin of killing. Melancholy is a major theme in this poem shown through words such as ‘helpless’, ‘solitude, ‘pain’, which further portrays the presentation of death from Thomas’ perspective. His personal introspection is reinforced from the use of first person narrative and his deep thought process, which allows the reader to identify his with his misery and understand his contemplation further.

OMV PETROM, applying integrative organizational change to lead company Essay

OMV PETROM, applying integrative organizational change to lead company become more sustainable - Essay Example The company will understand its requirement to change the values, norms and rules. The company will also understand the need to list individual goals. The listing of goals starts by collecting data and diagnosing the goals. After understanding the elements, a company will need to adjust its management to achieve set goals. The â€Å"Do† part is concerned with implementing the organizational change. â€Å"Check† on the other hand, has its meaning. The corporation should check and evaluate the performance of the organizational change towards the objectives. The company needs to take corrective measure if it is underperforming. The other significant part is â€Å"Act†. After a corporation gathers, all of the data, it should give its reaction, and read the plan to know whether it meets the objectives. If it does not meet the objectives, it needs to change or come up with a new plan to achieve the objectives. The major issue of OMV core competencies is a contradiction with sustainable development. Sustainable development means â€Å"meeting current needs without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own need† (Bocean, and Sitnikov, 2012). This is an issue for oil and gas companies. This is because it is hard to reduce emission by leading OMV to produce long-term energy efficiency. The companies see difficulties in applying safety, security, environmental care and corporate social responsibility while at the same time needs to maintain healthy economic condition. The environment is impacted because a sustainable company reduces the harmful effect to society. For example, in 2010, OMV Corporation produced 184 barrels per day less crude oil of 4.15 and still maintained high net turnover of 18616. This shows the oil company helps to reduce emission that will positively affect the environment. This makes the company receive positive perspectives, and make their employee confident.

The Diamond Necklace - Mathilde Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Diamond Necklace - Mathilde - Essay Example Mathilde is truly happy only once in her entire life: at the ball. But, it becomes clear as the story progresses, that her happiness had a price all too high. On the night of the party her new dress and borrowed jewels give her the appearance of belonging to the wealthy world she aspires to. Because she believes herself rich for one night, she becomes rich in others’ eyes as well.  Fully at ease among the wealthy people at the party, Mathilde feels that this is exactly where she was meant to be—if it hadn’t been for the mistake of destiny. Her moment of happiness, of course, is fleeting, and she must spend the next ten years paying for the pleasure of this night. The saddest thing is that, despite all the hardship she is forced to endure during the next ten years, the memory of the night still lingers in her mind as the one perfect moment in her gray life. The necklace, beautiful but worthless, represents the power of perception and the split between appearance s and reality.

Selection of Global Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Selection of Global Leadership - Assignment Example Nevertheless, experts have reacted by instigating broad appraisal concepts covering the obligation to comprehend what is expected from institutional directors, as well as to analyze the mindset along with individual probabilities critical for constructive administration. Though, only minimal basic analysis has been accomplished in the faculty, while a separate recent evaluation in the field has instead opposes most of the reports that were forwarded for the shortage of systematical multiplicity along with logical elasticity. However, generally the appraisal conception is broad and necessitates a lengthy duration to establish as well as to incorporate in the central proficiencies for constructive international direction alongside how to effectually nurture such qualities. Selection practices Among the most dynamic mechanism accessible for global agencies is recruitment; which in the presence of appropriate approach might be the most decisive in appraising latent executive contenders. Even though, integral diversity of an agency as well as the contender could prove to be permanent obstruct during the cross-examination program. Numerous aspects should be weighed when analyzing the ideal mechanism to utilize during a recruitment course, since edifying diversities presents a vast liability in choosing the most predisposed examination practice an agency might adopt to find the most productive workforce. If the company’s resource agent is incompetent of handling cultural diversities imposed by the contenders then the recruitment might definitely result in unconstructive outcome. In such a situation, the foundation would aspire to acquire personnel’s with critical ability to integrate ethical assortments. The interviewee should also be capable of detecting the clandestine distinctions such as eye contact among other individual characters that would represent dissimilar features in separate societies as reported by Mendenhall (2008). According to Edwards ( 2011), numerous models of expression should notably be comprehended for effectual cross-examination program. If recruiting proves to be unfeasible, ethnic understanding entailing various societal coaching concepts might be incorporated to ensure vibrant hiring. Guaranteeing that a recruiter is expansively informed as well as conscious of the duty prior to an interview course should be basic to outlining dynamic staff. Familiarity with the local language can also prove to be an essential device for ensuring an effective interview course. Since the contenders would presume that the agency has no contemplation for the native culture if the executive has not displayed the basic sensitiveness of the surrounding ethnicity and customs. Common variations in linguistics could also result in reflective implication as well as create language obstacles. Over the recruitment course, it might further be extensively constructive to master facts of the interview sessions as well as to be certain th at the contenders have comprehended the relevant inquiries they are to answer (Edwards, 2011). Verifying the scope of hatred that might be apparent between the agency and the immediate contiguous society would also be a prime aspect in outlining an appropriate hiring model. In case there is considerable scope of hatred, then an appraisal model should be adopted to instigate ideal staff for the firm. Assessment might be applied to verify if an aspirant has the precise

Case study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Case study - Essay Example The Town Council decided to create an Advisory Board to guide and promote the activities of SACC because of the huge gathering of public there. Two Town Councilors, the vice Chancellor of the local University, the CEO of the large electronics company, a representative of SACC’s Bank, 2 local media celebrities, the president of the local Chamber of Commerce and two representatives from the theatre were the council members. Along with growth, problems also started to creep in as the local residents started to complain about the activities that Bernard introduced as they suspected that Bernard had raised the profile of the town through new activities and the interests of the local community had been ignored. As an Employer, the centre had grown significantly and now it employs 60 full-time and 120 part-time employees as well using the university students as temporary employees when special events are held. Moreover, the centre struggled to find a replacement for the retiring Bernard. Former Director of a large Cultural and Performing Arts Centre in Chicago, Calvin Spacey became the Artistic and Managing Director of SACC later. This report explains the change management and leadership policies Calvin should adopt in order to steer SACC out of trouble. â€Å"Change management is a systematic approach to dealing with change, both from the perspective of an organization and on the individual level†(Change management, 2010). SACC is growing rapidly and a new leader has already taken charge. Under such circumstances, changes should be happened in SACC both from individual and organizational level. The essence of any Change Management Policy is ‘effective and efficient communication. Internal and external communication is necessary for an organization to send the messages to the employees and the community and also to receive messages from the community and

Economics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Economics - Essay Example The policies undertaken by governments in different economies are highly influenced by his theories even today. The theories introduced by Keynes mainly concentrate in the nature of total spending in the economy. The theories also analyze the influence of aggregate demand in economies inflation and output level. According to Keynes the aggregate demand created in the economy is often not equal to the productive capacity of the economy. Keynesian theories were introduced during Great Depression in the economy. Keynesian theory supports a mixed economic system, where the main sectors of the economy are headed by private business entities but are guided under the rules and regulations of the government at times of recession (Keynes, 1979). New Classical Theories of Economics New Classical theories of economics are consisted with the economic views of the modern contemporary economists. The theories mainly concentrate in the price, output and determination of income distribution in the e conomic system. The conjectures focus on the free forces of market demand and supply in the economy. These theories explain the idea of rational economic behaviour. Maximization of consumer utility subject to budget constraints or maximization of producers profit subject to cost constrains are theories of neo classical economics. It assumes that economic entities in the world undertake their economic decisions after getting equipped with the underlying relevant information. Neo Classical theories of economics dominate the Keynesian views economics (Arnold, 2008). Aggregate Supply Curve The aggregate supply curve (AS) shows the different levels of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in real terms, generated at changed levels of prices in a particular period of time. The curve shows the relation between price and real GDP, assuming all other factors affecting real GDP constant (Ceteris Paribus assumption). The Keynesian and Neo Classical views regarding the shape of the AS curve are contrast ing. Keynesian AS curve Keynesian theory was introduced during the Great Depression when the economy was under strict recession. Due to recessionary trends in the market most of the resources were ideal and insensitive in the economy. Thus Keynesian theory firmly believed in the rigidity of price and wage rates in the economy. Keynesian theory is consistent with a horizontal AS curve where any changes in the real GDP are caused simply due to changes in the aggregate demand (AD) in the economy. It was analyzed by Keynes theory that only changes in the aggregate demand, could improve the state of a depressed economy. Figure 1 - Keynesian Horizontal AS curve CPI AD p AS q Real GDP (Source: Author’s Creation) The graph above illustrates the AD and AS curve in Keynes views. The consumer price index (CPI) is the average price level of all the goods and services produced in the economy. AD is inversely proportional to CPI as per the law of demand. The market equilibrium price (p) an d equilibrium quantity (q) of real GDP generated in the economy are determined from the point of intersection between the AD and AS curves. Rise in Government Spending Impact In order to improve the aggregate income level in the economy the government undertakes expansionary fiscal policies. These policies

(Criminal justice) Your Ethical System Assignment

(Criminal justice) Your Ethical System - Assignment Example It is considered morally right when people make choices that conform to what is expected, which in turn leads to the correct consequences. On the other hand, when they make the wrong choice, the consequences are negative, therefore, they are considered acting in an immorally manner. This essay will examine the teleological moral systems in the society as well as how these moral systems help people to make the right choices. The paper will conclude by indicating how the teleological ethical system influences the society. Teleological ethics is a theory of morality that originates its duties or moral obligation from what is deemed in the society as desirable or good as an end to be achieved. The teleological ethical system judges the penalties of the act rather than the act itself. In that, if the action results in what can be considered, as a good consequence, then it must be good as the results justify the reason the act was committed (Pollock, 2012). There are various teleological ethical systems in these theory and they include ethics of virtue, utilitarianism and ethics of care. Consequentialism refers to the impression that the moral value of an action is resolute by the magnitude of its action. The precise consequences are those that are beneficial to humanity as they promote happiness, human satisfaction, human pleasure, and welfare to all humans. The consequences of doing something that is morally right are intrinsically valuable and good; hence, the actions that point to those consequences are ethical while those actions that lead away from happiness are immoral. For example, in the society we live in there are laws that have been imposed to ensure that people act in ways that ensure that they do not infringe on the happiness of other people. Therefore, different teleological moral systems are diverge not only on the exact consequences are, but on how different people poise the numerous possible consequences. In that, few choices are

Reflection response Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Reflection response - Assignment Example What about students that will be able to work in the laboratory setting, but not others? Is that fair to everyone, or the teacher? No, it is not. To expect a teacher to have multiple standards for a classroom of sometimes 25-30 students will effectively cripple the class. Classroom lectures, especially in subjects such as science, need to have continuity and flow from one point to another to help the students understand the material. One standard will help this, while multiple standards will create disruption and confusion while multiple lectures are conducted in words that students can understand and comprehend. What are the students to do while these multiple lectures are going on? While some type of work could be assigned, the confusion in the classroom will not create an ideal learning environment, and students will inevitably fall behind. Having multiple standards will not only effectively cripple the class in terms of disruption; it will spread the teacher too thin and make the teacher unable to adequately prepare the class or students. It is hard to imagine having to create more than one lesson plan for any classroom, and by having multiple standards, at least two if not more lesson plans will need to be created.

Write a research paper on Amazon.com INC Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Write a on Amazon.com INC - Research Paper Example Jeff Bezos was not a born entrepreneur, he graduated from Princeton University and began to work in the field of computer science on Wall Street moving on to become the vice president at Bankers Trust (Byers). Due to his interest in the rapid use and growth of Internet technology, he devised the idea of Amazon.com. Thanks to the idea generated by Jeff Bezos, he quickly gained the identity of being the prominent entrepreneur who devised the dot-com idea and made him a billionaire soon. It started off as the bookstore initially and has now transformed in to the largest online retailer of the world as well. It has expanded its operations in a variety of ways and offers millions of online books, movies, songs, merchandise and just about anything. It can be safely concluded that Amazon has converted into an ‘everything store’ where merchandise of every kind is traded online. Shoppers are offered convenience that have the facility of shopping for almost anything online and can easily download books, games and films to even their portable devices such as tablets or smart phones. Other products such as the self publishing and online advertising are also offered on Amazon.com. Therefore, the customers’ Amazon Inc serves have been stated in the mission statement itself, which are consumer customers, seller customers and the developer customers. Therefore, Amazon Inc is a platform which does not only let the customers to download and buy the merchandise, but at the same time gives them a platform to sell their merchandise online as well to the interested customers. The marketing strategy that has been introduced by Amazon rests on six facets: it not only offers products and services to be purchased by the customers but at the same time, interface is user friendly which can be easily and conveniently used by the customers. The services and products offered at Amazon vary from small scale to the

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay Example for Free

Complexometric Determination of Water Hardness Essay Abstract: Using complexometric method of calculating water hardness, an EDTA solution was made and calculated to be around .00209M. This EDTA solution was then used to titrate a water sample with unknown hardness. The sample used was sample #18. The hardness of the sample was calculated to be 180505 ppm. This is within normal levels for the Mesa area. Introduction: This experiment focuses on titration with EDTA. Titration is the determination of a given component in solution by addition of a liquid reagent of known strength until the endpoint is reached when the component has been consumed by reaction with the reagent. An indicator called Eriochrome Black T will enable detection when the EDTA has completely chelated the metal impurities. Chelation happens when a ligand (with more than one binding site) forms a complex with a metal ion. Ligands are complexes that form when the electron donating groups form coordinate covalent bonds through empty orbitals on the metal ion. This experiment contains Ammonium chloride buffer which is an inhalation irritant. Procedure: About 500 mL of approximately 0.004 M disodium EDTA solution needed. The solution should have between 0.7–0.8 g of Na2EDTA and dissolve in about 500Â  mL deionized water in a plastic bottle. The bottled is Sealed and shaken vigorously for a few minutes to dissolve the salt. Standardize the Na2EDTA solution using a stock calcium ion solution as the primary standard. Using a 10-mL transfer pipet to add 10.00 mL of standardized calcium ion stock solution (1.000 g CaCO3/L solution) to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask which will have an additional 30 ml of deionized water to this titration flask. Adding a magnetic stir-bar the solution was then stirred. about 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer is added to the solution. Just prior to titrating the flask, adding four drops of Eriochrome Black T indicator solution will be needed. At the endpoint, the color will change from pink to violet to blue. This will repeat two more times. Then Choose one prepared unknown water sample as provided. Record the unknown code in a notebook, then titrate this water sample with your standardized disodium EDTA solution. Transferring 25.00 mL of the prepared water sample to a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask will be done. Then Add about 20 ml of DI water to the titration flask, which will have a magnetic stir-bar. The solution will have an added portion of 3 mL of ammonia/ammonium chloride buffer. The solution will then change color as previously examined in the first portion. This procedure will be repeated twice more. Results and Discussion: EDTA solution Initial Reading (mL) (mL) delivered 0.0mL 50.01mL 0.0mL 47.05mL 0.0mL 46.10mL The average of the mL delivered of the three results is 47.72 mL The Molarity of the EDTA solution was calculated and is shown below. Ppt: 15.99 for 50.01 mL delivered Ppt: 4.68 for 47.05 mL delivered Ppt: 11.31 for 46.10 mL delivered Unknown solution Initial Reading(mL) (mL) delivered 0.0mL 22.9mL 0.0mL 21.41mL 0.0mL 20.41mL The average of the mL delivered of the three results is 21.57 The hardness of the unknown water sample was calculated using the Molarity of the EDTA solution standardized in the first portion of the lab. The calculation is shown below. Ppt: 20.55 for 22.9 mL delivered Ppt: 2.47 for 21.41 mL delivered Ppt: 17.92 for 20.41 mL delivered The tables reveal a difference in (mL) delivered in comparing the first experiment to the unknown. The unknown must have a weaker tolerance to the indicator in which the first experiment is stronger. Conclusion: The water hardness in Mesa ranges from 12 gpg (grains per gallon) to 22 gpg (1). The Ppt of the unknown and EDTA do and don’t fall within Mesa’s range. There are some numbers that fall within the range and there are some that may fall out. Overall the data has some proof that the water hardness of the EDTA and unknown can potential match up to Mesa’s. Sources: (1) http://www.mesaaz.gov/water/hard_water.aspx

John Miltons Faith and Use of Literary Devices

John Miltons Faith and Use of Literary Devices Many of John Miltons poetry contain religious subjects, as well as much of the literature during the Early Modern Period. Milton grew up a normal life, and attended school and universities. Afterwards Milton married a woman who left him soon after the marriage and the two were divorced. Later on, she came back and the two reconciled. In the later years of Milton lost many loved ones including the loose of his father, his father-in-law. Miltons eyesight grew worse, and by 1661 Milton had become blind (Jokinen). After losing his eyesight, Milton also lost his first wife, daughter, son, second wife, and another daughter (Jokinen). Through all of this, Milton kept his faith, and wrote many poems that illustrated that he had faith in God and dedicated many poems to his lost loved ones. The common literary devices and subjects that John Milton uses in Paradise Lost, â€Å"How Soon Hath Time,† and â€Å"When I Consider How My Light is Spent† convey a stronger representation of Miltons faith, and how through the tough life that Milton lived he remained a religious man. One of the well-known poems that Milton wrote is Paradise Lost. In this epic poem, Milton uses many literary devices to illustrate his faith in God. In Paradise Lost, Milton uses imagery, diction, and religious subjects to show the strong conviction Milton retained throughout his life. Throughout Paradise Lost, Miltons use of imagery, diction, and the subject of the epic poem represents Miltons strong faith. Paradise Lost also illustrates redemption. This was because Miltons faith reflected redemption, especially with his views on divorce. Milton believed that divorce was ok certain applications. In the beginning of Book I, the poem picks up in the middle of a narrative where Satan had just fallen from Heaven along with the band of angels. In Book 1, Satan states that â€Å"Me preferring, His utmost power with adverse power opposed/ In dubious battle on the plains of Heavn/ And shook his throne† (Milton, Paradise Lost 949). With this few lines Satan is informing his followers that Satan himself once clashed against God. With this clash against God, Satan once had a chance of conquer God. Milton uses imagery in lines 102-105 of Paradise Lost to bring images of this mighty battle to the readers mind (Milton, Paradise Lost 949). Milton is trying to get people to understand battles that he once faced in his own life. Satan states in lines 258-262 of Paradise Lost that â€Å"Here at least/ we shall be free; th Almighty hath not built/ Here for his envy, will not drive us hence: / Here we may reign secure, and in my choice/ To reign is worth ambition though in Hell† ( Milton, 953). Milton uses diction here to express Satans idea that control in Hell is far better than worship in Heaven, but this is all a lie that Satan tells his followers. Milton uses imagery and diction in these lines to convey the evil that Satan beholds. Book I finally presents Satan as the defeater of his followers. In Book IX Milton has diminished Satan from a hero. When Satan realizes the beauty that Earth beholds, Satan mourns because he has ruined his chances of living on Earth as Adam and Eve once did. Whenever Satan saw Eve, Satan becomes flabbergasted by Eves beauty. Whenever Satan starts to realize that beauty of the Earth, this seems to be a reminder to Milton that even though he had lost many things in life, that Milton should be thankful for what he still had. Milton seems to use his diction to convey the idea that he should be happy with what he has, and not to lose faith or to do anything that he would regret later on in Miltons like. While Milton continued to write faithful poetry throughout his life, Milton seemed to have never lost faith, and to commit something that may had regretted later in his life. Later on in Paradise Lost, Milton expresses that Satan was invincible, and by the love of God, Satan was at least able to see the beauty in Adam and Eve. Milton uses imagery to de pict Satan as the commander of his demons, and then Satan proposes to build a palace called Pandemonium. In line 754 of Paradise Lost Milton uses the images of the â€Å"trumpets sound† that fill the air, which acts as a fanfare for Satan (Milton, 1014). These images create a picture of how great Satan was, and that no matter how big an evil Satan was, it still does not make you invincible to God. All throughout Paradise Lost, there are examples of how Milton uses his diction, imagery, and his religious subjects that exemplify the faith that Milton had to make it through his hard times. Another poem by Milton is â€Å"How Soon Hath Time,† which uses literary devices to convey Miltons strong faith in God. As with most of all of Miltons poetry, there are references to God, Heaven, and spirits. This sonnet is about when Milton was in his twenties and how he thought that he was not as blessed as other people his age were. In the first eight lines of the sonnet, Milton gives the reasons that he has to blame God and lose faith, but the sonnet is resolved in the last four lines. The diction and imagery that Milton uses in â€Å"How Soon Hath Time,† illustrates that though Milton is depressed about how life has turned out to be at this young age, Milton still does not blame God. Even in the end of the poem in lines 9-14 of â€Å"How Soon Hath Time† Milton uses a turn and his diction to illustrate, that even in the end Milton is the same (Milton, â€Å"How Soon Hath Time† 942). In turn of the sonnet, Milton realizes that while he does not have the life that he may want, in the end he will be on the same level as people less and more fortunate than him. This is what keeps Miltons faith; he realizes that his short physical life is not worth worrying over, because as long as he keeps faith in God, the reward of heaven is for him as long as he keeps faith in God. Milton also uses imagery in â€Å"How Soon Hath Time† to convey Miltons strong sense of faith. Lines 1-3 of â€Å"How Soon Hath Time† â€Å"How soon hath time the subtle thief of youth, /Stoln on his wing my three and twentieth year!/My hasting days fly on with full career,† depicts how Milton is giving human traits to his time (Milton, 942). Milton is using imagery to express that someone stole his youth and that his 23rd year is stolen on a wing, and that his days are passing by at a fast pace. According to David Miller, Milton uses personification to convey the imagery that is created in the lines 1-3 of â€Å"How Soon Hath Time† (Miller, 3). Whenever the reader reads lines 1-3 of â€Å"How Soon Hath Time,† there is the image of a bird that has stolen Miltons youth, and finally the bird flies off with the rest of Miltons days (Milton, 942). This stealing of Miltons time also represents the people that Milton had lost throughout his life. Milton l ost two wives, three children, which means that he felt that time he had with his lost ones went by so quick such as if a bird had came and swept them away. However, in the end of the sonnet, Milton uses a turn that shows even though that the bird has stolen his time; he still keeps his faith in God, knowing that all is well and equal in the end in the Gods eye. Miltons use of literary devices in â€Å"How Soon Hath Time† illustrates that even through tribulations; Milton still is a faithful man in God. Milton uses his diction to help create imagery that stimulates all the senses that convey to the reader on how Milton feels about his faith and his beliefs in God. Milton also wrote another poem that uses literary devices to show his strong faith called â€Å"When I Consider How My Light is Spent.† Milton wrote this sonnet after he had become completely blind. The main plot behind this sonnet is that even through the obstacles that Milton encountered, Milton still regained strength in his faith. Milton used diction and imagery among other literary devices to convey that he had a strong faith that was unbroken by problems that he encountered. According to Russell Hillier, Milton uses an allegory with the bible to create imagery in â€Å"When I Consider How My Light Is Spent† (Hillier, 7). In line 11, the poem parallels the bible with Matthew 11:30 with â€Å"My yoke is easy, and my burden is light† (Milton, â€Å"When I Consider How My Light Is Spent† 944). This parallel with bible creates imagery by creating a sense of sight for Milton, as he is a blind man. It also allows the reader to gain more understanding of how the Milton feels about his self. Milton does not look at his blindness as a punishment from God, but just an easy burden. When the reader reads line 11 of the poem, an idea of how Milton feels about his blindness is gained. The reader gains an image of how and what Milton feels like, since becoming blind. Milton was not born blind, therefore he had a keen knowledge of what the world looked like and was able to use objects that he had seen and read before to create a poem that contains im agery to convey his idea of faith and being blind. In line 3, Milton refers to talents (Milton, â€Å"When I Consider How My Light Is Spent† 944). A talent in the book of Mathew is a monetary unit. However, in the poem, Milton uses a pun in his diction to create imagery to help convey the strong faith that Milton has. Miltons vision is consider a talent that he once had, but no longer does, and Milton conveys the idea that his eyesight is priceless. Also in line 10, Milton draws a reference from Job 22:2. With this reference to Job 22:2, Milton is stating that anyone can benefit from God, rather they are wealthy or poor or either blind or not blind. The diction that Milton uses in â€Å"When I Consider How My Light Is Spent† helps convey the strong sense of faith that Milton has, even though God blinded him. The words that Milton chose to write this sonnet help illustrate Miltons true faith. In line 8, Milton uses the word patience (Milton, â€Å"When I Consider How My Light Is Spent† 944). Miltons use of the word patience helps convey the idea that one day, Milton will be rewarded with his eyesight that was once taken from him. One day when in Heaven all will perfect health, and Milton realizes that life is short, and that it will not be long before he has sight of his loved ones. â€Å"When I consider How My Light is Spent† is a poem like many others that Milton write, which contain many literary devices, and well as faithful subjects. Imagery was a big part of the Miltons poetry as it allowed and connected Milton back to the real word after he went completely blind. With large amounts of imagery, Milton seemed to get people to understand how he thought. Most of all the poetry wrote by Milton contains his point of view of his faith. The reason that a lot of Miltons poetry contained his faith may have been influenced from his father. According to Jonathan Rosen, while a child, Miltons family was kicked out of the church due to Miltons father rejecting the Catholic faith in return for the acceptance of Protestantism (Rosen, 4). This taught Milton that if he believed something that he should tell everyone. This was unlike anyone during the time, since people of the time were punished for their beliefs, but Milton wanted to let everyone know how he felt about his faith. According to Myron Taylor, Milton was one of the first poets or writers to start expressing his freedom of speech and religion in the early days, when this type of freedom was unheard of (Taylor, 2). Milton felt so strong about his faith that he thought that it was worth every bit of his life to let everyone know how he felt. All throughout Miltons poetry the reoccurrence of god, religion, and faith always seems to appear. Milton uses many methods to convey his thoughts of his faith, which include numerous literary devices, themes, and subjects that allow the readers become informed of Miltons faith. Works Cited Miller, David. â€Å"John Milton: Poetry.† Twaynes English Authors Series 242. Boston: Twayne, 1978. Jokinen, Anniina. Life of John Milton. Luminarium. 21 June 2006. 1 Dec. 2009 . Milton, John. Paradise Lost. Masters of British Literature Volume A. Ed. Damrosch, David, Kevin J. H. Dettermar, and et. al. New York: Pearson Education Inc., 2008. Milton, John. How Soon Hath Time. Masters of British Literature Volume A. Ed. Damrosch, David, Kevin J. H. Dettermar, and et. al. New York: Pearson Education Inc., 2008. Milton, John. When I consider How My Light Is Spent. Masters of British Literature Volume A. Ed. Damrosch, David, Kevin J. H. Dettermar, and et. al. New York: Pearson Education Inc., 2008. Rosen, Jonathan. Return to Paradise. The New Yorker. 84.16 (2 June 2008): p72. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Clemson University Libraries. Taylor, Myron. John Milton: Overview. Reference Guide to English Literature. Ed. D. L. Kirkpatrick. 2nd ed. Chicago: St. James Press, 1991. Literature Resource Center. Gale. Clemson University Libraries.